Medical School and Pediatrician Essay

Many openings for work are accessible in various kinds of vocations. Pediatricians like kids and science; they assist take with minding of wiped out patients. Turning into a pediatrician requires a great deal of tutoring and preparing; it includes various aptitudes for consistently work. The pay of a pediatrician differs on the measure of training and on the ability level. There are many openings for work in this calling; it is destined to increment with openings. A pediatrician requires a liberal measure of training after secondary school. The base instruction required to turn into a pediatrician is 4 years of school, 4 years or clinical school, and 3 years of residency(YourPediatrician. com 1. ) The fundamentals that most clinical schools suggest are Biology; 1 course of hereditary qualities, 1 course of microbiology, and 1 course of sub-atomic biology(2. ) Also, Chemistry, 1 - 2 courses of natural science, Physics, I course is essential, and Math 2 courses in analytics (2. ) A decent method to get into universities and clinical schools is to have a great deal of humanitarian effort on the applications, schools love to see individuals are engaging with your locale and getting hands on preparing (Prerequisites for Becoming a Pediatrician 2. ) It might take a great deal of tutoring and be very tedious to turn into a pediatrician however it insubordinately pays off. Pediatricians need to have various abilities and gifts. To be a fruitful pediatrician they have to have a solid love for youngsters and a ton of tolerance (Prerequisites for Becoming a Pediatrician 1. )Youngsters react best to individuals who care about them (1. ) Students must get hands-on preparing and care for kids with sickness and their one of a kind issues (1. ) They should be presented to an emergency clinic setting just as an office setting and be comfortable with basic consideration issues (1. ) Some other significant abilities required is to have the option to teach individuals on what to do, planning and utilizing logical standards to and techniques to unravel problems(California Career Zone 2. ) Being a pediatrician is a hard activity, discussing the training as well as pretty much all the abilities and experience required.

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 37

Part THIRTY-SEVEN A Whaley Death Nate was five additional days alone in the condo before they sought him. It began at day break on the 6th day, when he saw a gathering of whaley young men assembling around underneath his window. There had been people out in the city since the day he'd educated Cielle concerning the Colonel's arrangement, yet Gooville hadn't exactly come back to typical (given that ordinary in Gooville was still remarkably bizarre in the first place). He could tell that the people and whaley young men the same were tense. Today there were no people in the lanes, and all the whaley young men were transmitting a high pitched call that he was certain he'd heard previously, yet for some odd reason it hadn't been in the city under the ocean. Hearing the chasing bring in these conditions made him shiver. He watch them accumulate, scouring toward each other as though to fortify the bond among them, processing around in little strolling cases as though working off anxious vitality, every one of them raising his head sometimes and giving up the chasing call †blazing teeth, jaws snapping like bear traps. He realized they were coming. Nate was dressed and hanging tight for them when they got through the entryway. Four of them took him, lifted him noticeable all around by his legs and bears, and conveyed him over their heads down the steps to the road, at that point on into the ways. The entire group moved into the paths, their calls getting progressively visit and deafeningly abrasive in the littler limits. Indeed, even as his captors' long fingers dove into his tissue, a quiet determination came over Nate †a practically trancelike express, the acknowledgment that it was all going to be over soon. He looked to either side, just to have significant pieces of teeth growl at him, and even among the furor, to a great extent he heard the trademark murmuring giggle of a whaley-kid snicker. Indeed, they do realize how to make some great memories, he thought. He before long perceived the way they were bringing him down. He could hear the calls of several them reverberating through the natural hollows from the mother-of-pearl amphitheater. Perhaps the whole whaley-kid populace was holding up there. As they entered the amphitheater and the calls arrived at a crescendo, Nate extended his neck and saw two major executioner whale-hued females holding the Colonel in the floor. The whaley young men holding Nate brought him down to his feet, and afterward two of them pulled him back against the seats to watch with the others. One of the large females holding the Colonel screeched a long, high call, and the group quieted down, not exactly quiet, however the chasing calls halted. The Colonel's eyes were wide, and Nate wouldn't have been shocked if the elderly person had begun to bark and froth at the mouth. At the point when things calmed down enough for him to be heard, he began yelling. The enormous female who was holding him clasped a hand over his mouth. Nate could see the Colonel battling for breath, and he battled against his own captors in sympathy. At that point the female began to talk †in their whistling, clicking language †and the group halted in any event, chuckling. Their eyes lump, and they blew some people's minds to the side to all the more likely hear her. Nate couldn't see quite a bit of what she was stating, however you didn't need to realize the language to comprehend what she was doing. She was posting the Colonel's violations and articulating a sentence. It was no little incongruity, Nate thought, that the whaley young men who saw to equity were hued like the executioner whales, the most clever, generally sorted out, generally superb and ghastly of all the marine well evolved creatures. The main creature other than man that showed displayed both mercilessness and kindness, for one was impractical without potential for the other. Perhaps images were triumphing over qualities all things considered. At the point when she got done with talking, she gave the Colonel's arm to the next female, so he was twisted around forward, his hands held together high behind him. At that point the female let out another all-encompassing piercing call, and the entire roof of the amphitheater darkened until it was totally dim. At the point when she completed her call, the light returned up once more. The Colonel was shouting as loud as possible, arbitrary condemnations and distraught proclamations †calling the whaley young men horrifying presences, beasts, monstrosities, railing like some frantic prophet, his cerebrum singed by God's unique finger impression. Be that as it may, when the light was full once more, he grabbed Nate's attention, only for a second, and he hushed up. There was something there, the profundity and knowledge that Nate had once realized the man to have, or possibly it was simply bitterness, yet before Nate could choose, the huge female twisted around and bit off the Col onel's head. Nate felt himself begin to drop. His vision burrowed down to a pinpoint and he battled to remain cognizant, to focus on his breathing, which he understood had halted immediately. His vision returned, as did his breath, cruel and froze through his gritted teeth as he viewed. The executioner spit the head over the amphitheater to a gathering of whaley kids, who got it and tore at it with their teeth. At that point the female began detaching extraordinary pieces of meat from the Colonel's body with her teeth, even as it jerked in the hands of her companion †tossing the lumps to the group, who shrilled the chasing calls considerably more wildly than previously. Nate couldn't tell to what extent it went on, however when it was at long last done, and the Colonel was gone, there was a huge red hover in the amphitheater floor, and surrounding him he saw grisly teeth blazing in whaley smiles. Indeed, even the two whaley young men who held Nate's arms had participated in the fellowship, snatching pieces of meat and eating them with their free hands. One had murmured and showered blood in Nate's face. At that point they hauled Nate to the center of the amphitheater. He felt black out, the beat slamming endlessly in his ears, overwhelming all other sound. Wherever he looked, he saw bleeding teeth and swelling eyes, yet he felt peculiarly disengaged. As the enormous female started another address, he recollected an idea he'd had directly after the humpback whale had eaten him. It came through to him like a pernicious d?â ¦j?â ¤ vu: What an extraordinarily inept approach to pass on. At that point there was another long, whistling call and Nate shut his eyes, hanging tight for the final knockout, yet it didn't come. The group had gone calm once more. He squinted through one eyelid, practically remorseful that the second had been deferred, and he saw teeth before him, however not the grisly teeth of the executioners. The piercing whistle continued forever, made by the mottled blue whaley-kid female that had come out of the way and was striding over the amphitheater toward Nate. Next to her was an exceptionally decided, unimposing brunette with unnatural maroon features, wearing climbing shorts and a tank top. The whaley young men holding Nate appeared to be befuddled. The female who had slaughtered the Colonel was searching for a type of direction from the one holding Nate when Amy pulled the immobilizer from her pocket and shot her in the chest, thumping her back five feet to shake on the bleeding floor. â€Å"Let him go,† Amy told the person who was holding Nate, and for reasons unknown, possibly in light of the fact that it sounded so complete, she let go of Nate's arms, and he fell, at which time Amy pulled up a second immobilizer and squeezed it to the large executioner's chest, thumping her to the floor to jerk with her buddy. Through everything, Emily 7 had kept on whistling. â€Å"You okay?† Amy asked Nate. He glanced around at the circumstance, not certain at all in the event that he was alright, yet he gestured. â€Å"Okay, Em,† Amy stated, and Emily quit whistling. Before the group could respond or a mumble of whaleyspeak start, Amy yelled, â€Å"Hey, shut up!† What's more, they did. â€Å"Nate didn't do anything,† she proceeded. â€Å"The entire thing was the Colonel's thought, and none of us knew anything about it. He brought Nate here to assist him with crushing our city, and Nate said no. That is all you have to know. All of you know me. This is my home, as well. You know me. I wouldn't deceive you.† Simply then the principal large female began to recuperate, and Amy jumped before Nate to remain over the executioner. â€Å"You get up, bitch, I'll thump you on your butt once more. Your choice.† The female solidified. â€Å"Oh, fuck it,† Amy stated, and she destroyed the enormous female on the button with both immobilizers without a moment's delay, at that point wheeled on the other one, who was getting up however immediately dropped and played dead under Amy's look. â€Å"Good,† Amy said. â€Å"So we clear?† Amy yelled to the group. There was whaleyspeak mumbling, and Amy shouted, â€Å"Are we screwing clear, people?† â€Å"Yeah, clear,† came twelve little squashed mythical being voices in English. â€Å"Sure, sure, sure, you know it,† said one little voice. â€Å"Clear as a window,† came another. â€Å"Just kidding,† said a mythical being on-helium voice. â€Å"Good,† Amy said. â€Å"Let's go, Nate.† Nate was all the while attempting to discover his feet. His knees had gone a little rubbery when he thought his head would have been gnawed off. Emily 7 got him by the arm and steadied him. Amy began to lead them out of the amphitheater, at that point halted. â€Å"Just a second.† She returned to where the lead executioner female was simply moving to her feet and destroyed her in the chest with the immobilizer, which thumped her level on her back once more. As Amy swaggered past Nate and Emily 7, she stated, â€Å"Okay, presently we can go.† â€Å"Where are we going?† Nate inquired. â€Å"Em says you laid down with her.† Nate took a gander at Emily 7, who smiled, huge and toothy, and laughed. â€Å"Yeah, rested. Just dozed. There's nothing more to it. Advise her, Emily.† Emily whistled, really a tune this time, and feigned exacerbation. â€Å"Really,† Nate said. â€Å"I know,† Amy said. â€Å"Oh.† Nate heard squeaks fighting against eminent loss them in the hallway. â€Å"Wasn't excessively somewhat dangerous, taking on a thousand whaley young men with two or three shock guns?† â

Scrum Master Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Scrum Master Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips For several years now, the Scrum Master has been one of the most sought after professionals in the IT industry, and software development in particular. A survey done by Glassdoor also shows that it is among the 25 highest paying jobs in the United States.Despite all this demand for Scrum Masters, you have sent out applications to almost 100 companies looking for a Scrum Master, but you have never heard back from any of them. What could be the problem?If you want to start hearing back from recruiters and hiring managers and getting invited to job interviews, you need to show them that you are more qualified than the other candidates you are competing against.But how do you do this if you are not getting to the interview stage?The secret lies in your resume.You need to create a precise yet high quality Scrum Master resume that shows you in the most favorable light.This can be a bit of a challenge, because you need to summarize all your skills, qualifications and experience within a pag e or two, and you have to do this without watering down your expertise.So, how do you do it?To come up with a great Scrum Master resume, you first need to understand what hiring managers are looking for in a Scrum Master resume. In most cases, they want to find out the following:Whether you are certified or notThe amount of experience you have working as a Scrum MasterThe kind of experience you have gained as a Scrum Master. This involves the kind of projects you have worked on and the industries you have experience in.Now that you know what hiring managers are looking for in your resume, let’s take a look at how to provide this information in the best way possible.First, we will start by looking at some examples of exceptional Scrum Master resumes to give you an idea of the kind of resume you need to come up with.Don’t forget, if you want to save time, you can use our resume builder to create your Scrum Master resume in less than five minutes.It’s quite easy to use.All you ne ed to do is to choose a template, add the content and the resume builder will generate an awesome resume for you with one click.EXCEPTIONAL SCRUM MASTER RESUME EXAMPLESSenior Agile Scrum Master Resume Sample Right Entry Level Scrum Master Resume Sample Right Create your own resumeNow that you know what a great Scrum Master resume looks like, let’s take a look at how to create a similar resume and start getting job interview invitations and job offers.BEST SCRUM MASTER RESUME FORMATWhen creating your Scrum Master resume, you should opt for the reverse-chronological resume format.This is the best format for resumes, because it allows you to showcase your greatest achievements first.Most recruiters and hiring managers also prefer the reverse-chronological format, because it makes it easier for them to find the information they are looking for, and makes it easier for them to gauge your current skill level at a glance.Don’t forget that recruiters have to look at dozens, sometimes hundreds of resumes in a day, and the easier you make it for them, the higher chances you have of your resume getting more than a cursory glance.To make your resume even more appealing to the eye, you should opt for a simple layout, such as a burn down chart, w ith enough white space, professional resume fonts, and effective, attention-grabbing headings. Avoid excessively flashy layouts or fonts.Ideally, your resume should be just one page long.If you cannot fit all the relevant skills, qualifications, and experience into a single page, make sure it doesn’t exceed two pages.Anything more than that can negatively impact your application, because you are effectively making the hiring manager’s job more difficult, and therefore there’s a high chance that they will not read your resume to the end.Having a long resume also increases the likelihood of including irrelevant information.NAILING THE PERSONAL INFO SECTION OF YOUR SCRUM MASTER RESUMEThe first thing your Scrum Master resume needs to do is to let the recruiter or hiring manager know who you are, what you do, and how to get in touch with you.Therefore, in the personal information section, which should be the first section of your resume, you should include your full name, your prof essional title, your phone number, and your professional email address.Below is an example of how to write a great personal info section.Personal information sectionAmir Arison Scrum Master, PSM II 816-315-0754 Arison.amir@gmail.com LinkedIn: Linkedin.com/amirarison RightWhen writing the personal information section, make sure to use your official names as they appear on your driving license.Avoid using any nicknames, short forms of your name, or any unofficial names. In addition, you should avoid funny email addresses like:scrumwhiz570@hotmail.com WrongStick to professional email addresses. A good format to use is:FirstnameLastname@provider.com RightYou can never go wrong with this format.When writing the personal information section, it is also advisable to include a link to your LinkedIn profile, considering that 87% of recruiters research a candidate on LinkedIn before inviting them to an interview. Source: LeadswamiYou can check out this article to learn more about how to create a great LinkedIn profile.If you have a portfolio website, you should also include it in the personal information section of your Scrum Master resume.CAPTURE ATTENTION WITH A GREAT RESUME SUMMARY OR RESUME OBJECTIVEI have some bad news. Recruiters do not read most resumes for more than seven seconds. Shocking, right? If you wondering how you can convince a hiring manager to hire you in seven seconds, the truth is that you can’t.Fortunately, you can get them interested enough that they will look at your Scrum Master resume for more than seven seconds. To do this, you need a well written resume summary or resume objective.So, what’s the difference between the two, and which one should you use in your Scrum Master resume? If you are an experienced Scrum Master with some achievements, you should use a resume summary highlighting this experience.If you are an entry-level Scrum Master without lots of exper ience, you should use a resume objective to show your passion in the field.During the seven seconds within which most resumes are discarded, the recruiters and hiring managers are looking for something specific.If you can show it to them, they’ll keep reading your resume, giving you a chance to now wow them with all your skills and experience. Therefore, find out what they are looking for (from the job description) and include it in your resume summary or objective.For instance, if the job description says that they are looking for someone with 3 years’ experience, you should include this in your resume summary.If they are looking for a certified Scrum Master, let them know. If they see that you have what they are looking for, they’ll proceed to check out other areas of your resume. If they don’t see it, your resume will be on a quick trip to the paper shredder.Below is an example of how NOT to write a resume summary:SummaryExperienced and hardworking Scrum Master. Handled a ll the Scrum Master tasks at Company XYZ, including leading scrum teams, planning sprints, coaching the team, and delivering products. WrongBelow is the RIGHT way to write a great resume summary:SummaryCertified Scrum Master with over 5 years’ experience leading scrum teams. Helped Company XYZ boost earnings by 40% within two years. Helped Company ABC save over $1 million by delivering over 20 products at an average of 15% under budget. RightNote how the above resume summary shows the candidate’s experience, that the candidate is certified, and gives a quantifiable record of the candidate’s achievements.Well, what if you do not have lots of experience as a Scrum Master? In this case, you should use a resume objective. Below is an example of the RIGHT way to write a great resume objective:SummaryPassionate entry-level Scrum Master. Have been part of several scrum teams and played the role of acting Scrum Master on a couple of occasions. Conversant with the Agile environment, having worked as a software developer for 4 years. RightWhen writing a resume summary or objective, keep it short and to the point. Do not include all your skills here.Instead, include two or three of the most relevant skills according to what the recruiter is looking for.HIGHLIGHTING YOUR CERTIFICATIONS ON A SCRUM MASTER RESUMEWhile it is not absolutely necessary to be certified in order to get work as a Scrum Master, it will give you a great advantage.Actually, most recruiters will make it clear that they are looking for a certified Scrum Master, and therefore you should get certified, if you haven’t already.If you are certified, it is advisable to include your certifications just below the resume summary or objective. You should also include your certification in the professional title in the personal information section of your Scrum Master resume. This way, it will be clear to the recruiter that you are certified right from the start.The most important certifications for Scr um Master are the Professional Scrum Master I (PSM I), the Professional Scrum Master II (PSM II) and Professional Scrum Master III (PSM III). Other certifications that might enhance your Scrum Master resume include the Certified Scrum Master (CSM), Advanced Certified Scrum Master (A-CSM), Project Management Institute â€" Agile Certified Professional (PMI-ACP), Certified Scrum Professional Scrum Master (CSP-SM), and so on.DESCRIBING YOUR SCRUM MASTER EXPERIENCEExperience is one of the most important things when it comes to getting a job as a Scrum Master, even more important than education or certification.Imagine the following situation. The organization looking for a Scrum Master has been using scrum for a while now.They have customized scrum to what works best for them and are very reliant on it. Unfortunately, their Scrum Master just quit, leaving the organization devastated.When they advertised an open Scrum Master position, this company is looking for an experienced Scrum Maste r who is as good as or better than the one who just left. One who will easily pick up where the other one left, without having to undergo months of training.Therefore, you need to show them that you have enough experience to fill the shoes of their previous Scrum Master.Most importantly, they want to know your team management experience, your experience working with cross-functional teams, your experience with geo-distributed teams, your program management experience, your experience as a coach, and whether or not you were a scrum owner.Below is an example of the RIGHT way to write an exceptional experience section in a Scrum Master resume: RightNow, compare that to the following, which is how NOT to write the experience section on your Scrum Master resume: WrongAs you can see, both examples refer to the same experience, but the first one does a great job of showing that the candidate can fit the shoes of the previous Scrum Master, while the second does not do much to convince the hiring manager about the candidate’s experience.Well, what if you are an entry level Scrum Master who has no previous experience? Are you tempted to write something like this?ExperienceI’m yet to gain experience since I am yet to get my first official Scrum Master job. However, I am highly skilled, very passionate, and willing to apply my skills and gain experience.Other ExperienceSoftware Developer WrongGood luck hearing back from the recruiter with such an experience section. Just because you have never worked as a Scrum Master before does not mean that you have no relevant experience.You have probably worked in the same industry you are applying for, been part of a Scrum team, helped facilitate Scrum projects, led a self-organizing team, or worked in a position where you demonstrated your skills as a collaborator or good communicator.While none of the above is Scrum Master experience, it is still experience that can help you perform better in a Scrum Master position, and therefore, it is relevant to the job. Listing such experience is a lot better than saying that you have no experience.Below is an example of the RIGHT way to write the experience section of your Scrum Master resume is you have no experience as a Scrum Master. RightSHOULD YOU INCLUDE THE EDUCATION SECTION IN YOUR SCRUM MASTER RESUME?As a Scrum Master, you already know that there’s no bachelor’s degree you need to take in order to become a Scrum Master. So, is it even necessary to include the education section in a Scrum Master resume?While you don’t need a college degree to become a Scrum Master, it is still a good idea to include your education in your resume. Done well, it can increase your chances of getting hired.If you want this section to be effective, you should not only talk about what school you attended, the year and the degree, but also other relevant achievements you got while you were there.Below is an example of the RIGHT way to right the education section in a Scrum Master resume. RightSuch an education sections shows you have been interested in Scrum since day one, and will increase your chances of getting invited for the interview.SHOWCASING YOUR SKILLS AS A SCRUM MASTERConsidering that there is no bachelor’s degree that you can take to become a Scrum Master, your greatest chances of being hired as a Scrum Master are determined by two things. Your experience, which we discussed earlier, and your skills.However, this does not mean that you should google the skills required of a Scrum Master and fill them on your resume. This will get you nowhere.When employers put up a job advertisement, in most cases, they are looking for a specific set of skills. Fortunately, most employers will list these skills in the job ad.Therefore, when writing your resume, you should list the skills that the employer is interested in, even if you might have other skills.For instance, let’s assume that the job ad reads something like this:We are looking for a certified Scrum Mas ter with the following skills: Kanban, Automation, and Idea Systems.In such a case, here is the WRONG way to list your skills when applying to the above job:SkillsAgile CoachingServant LeadershipGood communicationInterpersonal skillsKanbanTime managementAutomationGitHubIdea SystemsAgile planningConflict resolutionSprint planningUser storiesForecasting WrongThe problem with that approach is that it does not focus on the skills the recruiter is interested in.Even if the skills the recruiter is looking for appear there, this looks like a spray and pray approach, where you list every skill and hope that the skills the recruiter is looking for are among them. In addition, it does not appear genuine, because it’s very unlikely that one candidate will be good at all those skills.Instead of using the spray and pray approach, you should instead focus on a small number of skills that the employer is interested in.Better yet, instead of simply listing the skills, you can take it a notch hig her and prove that you indeed have the skills. Here’s how to do it.SkillsAutomation: Drove the adoption of automation across the company and saved the company $500,000.Kanban: Reduced cycle time by 40% using Kanban.Idea Systems: Implemented a Lean Idea System that improved idea implementation by 50%.Management skills: Managed 3 cross-functional team to deliver 3 projects. RightThe above candidate focused on the most important skills â€" those that the recruiter is looking for. In addition, they also provided proof to back their claims.When listing your skills, it is advisable to include both hard and soft skills, because as a Scrum Master, not only do you need to be technically savvy, but you also need soft skills to help you interact with your team members and ensure they get the work done.Below are some of the skills you might include on a Scrum Master resume:Soft Skills:CollaborationCommunicationEmpathyTime managementConflict resolutionDetail orientedDecision makingInterperson al skillsTeam buildingAdaptableHard Skills:Meeting facilitationAgile coachingAgile planningQuality controlServant leadershipBurndown chartsUser storiesSprint planningPM toolsBacklog managementEXTRA SECTIONS TO INCLUDE IN YOUR SCRUM MASTER RESUMEYou can stop at this point, but if you really want your resume to be outstanding, you should take it a step further.So far, you have shown your experience, skills and education, but some of the greatest employees also have one extra thing â€" passion.Passionate Scrum Masters do not see their job as something they do in exchange for a paycheck.Instead, they love their job and are interested in everything about the job.They join associations, publish papers, volunteer, get more and more certifications, and so on.If you can show the recruiter that you are passionate about being a Scrum Master, you will increase your chances of getting hired.Below are some of the extra sections you can include in your Scrum Master resume to show your passion:Conf erences you have attended or spoken atAssociations, such as Scrum.org or Scrum AllianceHonors and AwardsProjectsPublicationsVolunteeringCommendationsExtra certificationsBelow is an example of how to include these sections in your Scrum Master resume:PUBLICATIONSWrote about Sprint Planning on publication XYZPublished an article on Servant Leadership on blog ABC RightCONFERENCESAttended the Agile 2019 ConferenceWas a panel member on the Scrum conference 2018 RightIncluding such details in your resume shows that you are a candidate who lives and breathes Scrum, and you can bet any employee would love to have such an employee.WRAPPING UPIf you follow the tips provided in this guide, you will be able to craft an exceptional Scrum Master resume and you will start hearing back from recruiters, getting invites to interviews, and even getting job offers.Like I said at the start of the guide, it’s all about selling yourself and showing potential employers why you are the best suited for t he job.If are short on time and do not want to create your Scrum Master resume from scratch, don’t forget you can use our resume builder to build your professional resume in under 5 minutes. Create your own resume

Starburst Galaxies

The universe is filled with galaxies, which are themselves filled with stars. At some point in its life, each galaxy bristled with star formation in vast clouds of hydrogen gas. Even today, some galaxies seem to have more than the usual amount of star birth activity and astronomers want to know why. There were so many stars being born in some galaxies in earlier times that they probably looked like cosmic fireworks bursts. Astronomers refer to these hotbeds of star birth as starburst galaxies. Key Takeaways: Starburst Galaxies Starburst galaxies are galaxies where high rates of star formation has occurred very quickly.Nearly all types of galaxies can undergo starburst events if conditions are right.Astronomers know that starburst galaxies are often involved in mergers that mingle stars and gas. Shock waves push the gas, which sets off the starburst activity. Starburst galaxies have unusually high  rates of star formation, and those bursts last for a short time during the galaxys long life. Thats because star formation burns through the gas reserves of the galaxy very quickly. It is likely that the sudden burst of star birth is triggered by a specific event. In most cases, a galaxy merger does the trick. Thats when two or more galaxies mesh together in a long gravitational dance and eventually meld together. During the merger, the gases of all the galaxies involved are mixed together. The collision sends shock waves through those gas clouds, which compress the gases and set off bursts of star formation.   Properties of Starburst Galaxies Starburst galaxies are not a  new type of galaxy, but rather simply a galaxy (or mingled galaxies) in a particular phase of their evolution. Even so, there are some properties that show up in most starburst galaxies: a very rapid star formation rate. These galaxies will produce stars at rates well above the average rate of most regular galaxies; availability of gas and dust. Some galaxies may have higher than normal star-formation rates simply due to their high volumes of gas and dust. However, some starburst galaxies do not a have the reserves to justify why they would have such high rates of star formation, so mergers may not be the only explanation;star formation rate is inconsistent with the age of the galaxy. The main point is that the current rate of star formation could not have been constant since the formation of the galaxy given its age. An older galaxy simply wouldnt have enough gas left over to keep up starbirth action for billions of years. In some starburst galaxies astronomers see a sudden burst of star birth, and often the explanation is a merger or chance encounter with another galaxy. Astronomers sometimes also compare the rate of star formation in a galaxy relative to its rotational period. If, for example, the galaxy exhausts all of its available gas during one rotation of the galaxy (given the high star formation rate), then it can be considered a starburst galaxy. The Milky Way rotates once every 220 million years; some galaxies go much slower, others faster. Another widely accepted method to see if a galaxy is a starburst is to compare the star formation rate against the age of the universe. If the current rate would exhaust all of the available gas in less time than 13.7 billion years, then its possible that a given galaxy may be in a starburst state.   Annotated image showing dazzling eyelid-like features bursting with stars in galaxy IC 2163. A tsunami of stars and gas triggered by a glancing collision with galaxy NGC 2207 (a portion of its spiral arm is shown on right side of image). ALMA image of carbon monoxide (orange), which revealed motion of the gas in these features, is shown on top of Hubble image (blue) of the galaxy. M. Kaufman; B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF); ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO); NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Types of Starburst Galaxies Starburst activity can occur in galaxies ranging from spirals to irregulars. Astronomers who study these objects classify them into sub-types that help describe their ages and other characteristics. Starburst galaxy types include: Wolf-Rayet galaxies:  defined by their ratio of bright stars that fall into the Wolf-Rayet classification. Galaxies of this type have regions of high stellar wind, driven by the Wolf-Rayet stars. Those stellar monsters are incredibly massive and luminous and have very high rates of mass loss. The winds that they produce can collide with regions of gas and drive rapid star formation.Blue compact galaxies:  low mass galaxies that were once thought to be young galaxies, just beginning to form stars. However, they usually contain populations of very old stars. That usually is a good clue that the galaxy is quite old. Astronomers now suspect that blue compact galaxies are actually the result of mergers between galaxies of varying ages. Once they collide, starburst activity ramps up and lights up the galaxies.Luminous infrared galaxies:  dim, hidden galaxies that are difficult to study because they contain high levels of dust that can obscure observation. Typically infrared radiation   detected by telescopes is used to penetrate the dust. That provides clues to increased star formation. Some of these objects have been found to contain multiple supermassive black holes, which can shut down star formation. The increase in star birth in such galaxies has to be the result of a recent galaxy merger. Cause of Increased Star Formation Although the merger of galaxies is pinpointed as the main cause of star birth in these galaxies, the exact processes are not well understood. Partially, this is due to the fact that starburst galaxies come in many shapes and sizes, so there may be more than one condition that leads to increased star formation. However, for a starburst galaxy to even form, there must be lots of gas available to generate the new stars. Also, something must disturb the gas, to begin the gravitational collapse process that leads to the creation of new objects. Those two requirements led astronomers to suspect galaxy mergers and shock waves as two processes that can lead to starburst galaxies.   Centaurus A galaxy has a massive black hole at its heart that is actively gobbling up material. The actions of such active galactic nuclei may play a role in starbursts in galaxies.   ESO/WFI (Optical); MPIfR/ESO/APEX/A.Weiss et al. (Submillimetre); NASA/CXC/CfA/R.Kraft et al. (X-ray) Two other possibilities for the cause of starburst galaxies include: Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN): Virtually all galaxies contain a supermassive black hole in their core. Some galaxies appear to be in a state of high activity, where the central black hole is ejecting massive amounts of energy.  There is a great deal of evidence to show that the presence of such a black hole can dampen star formation activity. However, in the case of these so-called active  galactic nuclei, they can also, under the right conditions, trigger rapid star formation as the accretion of matter in a disk and its eventual ejection away from the black hole can create shockwaves that could trigger star formation.High supernova rates: Supernovae are violent events. If the rate of explosions increases due to the presence of a very high number of aging stars in a compact area, the resulting shockwaves can begin a rapid increase in star formation. However, this such an event to occur the conditions would have to be ideal; more so than in the other possibilities listed here. A supernova can push clouds of nearby gas around spur limited amounts of starbirth. This supernova is shown in a Hubble Space Telescope view of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant. NASA/ESA/STScI Starburst galaxies remain an active area of investigation by astronomers. The more they find, the better scientists can describe the actual conditions that lead up to the bright bursts of star formation that populate these galaxies.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

What Causes Delinquent Behavior Essays - 931 Words

It is hard for anyone to understand why people commit heinous crimes. We as human beings are all capable of committing or engaging in delinquent behavior. What stands in the way of a person that decides to engage in deviant behavior or to choose not to commit crimes at all. We may never truly know or understand the real reasons behind why certain people engage in delinquent behavior. Early philosophers and scientists studied the Criminal Justice System and the behavior of criminals using different forms of theories, which in turn, lead to the Classical School and the Positive School. We all use theories in our everyday life. We make assumptions about certain things, that in turn allow us to form a kind of theory or thought. We gather†¦show more content†¦The way that people use these terms depends greatly on how they understand them and how they are using them at a given time, theories help us understand our social norms. Having a good theory is to be able to understand all the areas that the theory deals with, it is not only easier on you as the researcher, but it is also easier for you to understand what other theorist was writing about. One of the oldest conception about the Criminal Justice System and crime emerged out of the eighteenth century which is best known as the Classical School of criminology. During this time period paved a way for some basic ideas about the operation of the criminal justice system and the processing of sentencing. The Classical School was not interested in studying the criminals but more focused on lawmaking and the legal process. Best known for there works and were the most influential during this time was philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria. From the Classical School concept they believe that people have the free will in making their own decisions and that punishment can be a deterrence to others, as long as the punishment was swift and fit the crime. The school saw two forms of deterrence specific and gen eral. Specific deterrence is giving a offender the most sever punishment or applied just enough pain to deter them from repeating. General deterrence was applied to show potential offenders thatShow MoreRelatedIntroduction: There are many theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of juvenile1000 Words   |  4 Pagesthat attempt to explain the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency and the factors that cause it. There is, and has been, a great amount of young people who engage in delinquent behavior throughout the nation and worldwide. What exactly is the catalyst that incites these young people to commit crime and stray from the ethical norm established in society? Are all youth susceptible to the temptation of deviant behavior or is it just some? Theories suggest different possible etiologies, which include: socialRead MoreContributing Factors to Juvenile Delinquency1620 Words   |  7 Pagesjuvenile delinquency such as domestic issues or stress at school, and there are also four different theories, strain, social learning, control, and labeling, to explain the different prospective of why it is thought that juveniles commence in delinquent behavior. This particular discussion however, is going t o be about the influence of gangs on juvenile delinquency. A general definition of a juvenile gang would be any durable youth group whose involvement in illegal activity is part of the group identityRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Theories Stem From An Array Of Individual,829 Words   |  4 Pagescertain causes as to why juveniles commit criminal acts. Juveniles are identified as minors-under the age of 18, in which are treated separately for criminal offenses. In the film Kids, delinquent behavior is constantly demonstrated throughout the progression of the film. The film depicts a group of sexually active teenagers in New York City. Many of the characters exhibited at-risk concerns: substance abuse and early sexuality, in which directly correlates an increase in delinquent behavior. ThereforeRead MoreHow Does An Individual Become Delinquent?1605 Words   |  7 PagesHow does an individual become delinquent? There are many views in society of why deviant behavior plays a role in on es life. One example is known as The Social Control Theory, originally known as The Social Bond Theory in 1969. During the 1960’s sociologists sought different conceptions of crime. One question general asked is â€Å"why do people follow the law?† The social Control Theory suggests that individuals become deviant when their bond to society has weakened. This tend to happen when individualRead MoreJuvenile Delinquent Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile delinquents are minors usually between the ages of 10 and 18. They are those minors that have committed some type of act that violates the law. Juveniles are not given the same sentences as adults when it comes to the punishment part. The argument for juvenile delinquents is, if they are born evil or is it part of the environment and or society. Are juveniles who commit a crime really naturally evil as many suggest, or are they their own products of the environment/society they live in?Read MoreThe Lack of Strong Pa rental Figures Causes Juvenile Delinquency954 Words   |  4 PagesThe Lack of Strong Parental Figures Causes Juvenile Delinquency Imagine a thirteen-year-old boy living with his mother. His parents have been divorced since he was four-years-old. He has never really known his father and therefore uses his friends for his male role models. His mother has to work two jobs to support her family and is therefore not there to spend much time with her child. This is the type of child that is normally delinquent. Add to this scenario a group ofRead MoreDifferential Association Theory Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesAssociation Theory, established by Edwin Sutherland in 1947, explicit the deviance of an individuals behavior and how it is learned through interaction with others or associations. There are several components that play a role in this theory that determines the main causes of delinquency. One of the components of this theory is, a person do not inherently become a criminal, it is a learned behavior. A person cannot decide one day he wants to commit a crime if he is not influence or challenge by othersRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory By Clifford Shaw And Henry D. Mckay1056 Words   |  5 Pageslabeled socially disorganized when there is a breakdown in social control or SOMETHING among its elements. The theory suggest the absence or reduction of cohesion and solidarity in a community, will result in a increase of crime rates and deviant behavior. To support these theoretical statement s, empirical evidence has produced findings that reveal a correlation between social ties and criminal activity in a community. But as Sampson and Groves (1989), note while past researchers have examined ShawRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : A Complex Social Phenomenon Of Criminal Behavior Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagescomplex social phenomenon of criminal behavior in juveniles. The juvenile justice system is an intricate part of juvenile justice intertwining law enforcement, court and correctional agencies along with the community when dealing with juvenile delinquents. Thus, understanding delinquents and how they behave is crucial when considering the effectiveness of prevention to commit further crimes. Theories of juvenile justice causation enables all to understand what the strains and breakdowns in socialRead MoreThe Role Of Family Structure And Youth Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction News and media outlets have observed an increase in delinquent crimes committed by children under the age of 18. What causes a child to embark on such destructive paths at such young ages? Children are our future; they must be raised well to become the next Einstein, Oprah, Obama and etc. Raising a child starts within the home. Not all families are nuclear families consisting of a mother and father. Some families are single parent families where there is only one parent or even extended

Culture and Traditional Gambian Dress Free Essays

A)In a paragraph, describe the acculturation process that the author experienced and explain how her cultural identity changed. Catherine Pigott came from a Western background. In Africa, she experienced a dramatically different culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Traditional Gambian Dress or any similar topic only for you Order Now At first, it must have been very difficult. There was little about her that appealed to the Gambian sense of femininity. She was far too thin by those standards. Consequently, she could not dance as they danced, dress as they dressed, or eat with the relish and gusto becoming of a Gambian woman. Frankly, she was too thin. Her slim physique represented everything synonymous with poverty, drought and starvation. Her body was a cause of sadness for those who looked upon her. If she were to remain in Gambia, she would need to adapt to these rather foreign cultural expectations. Her new lady friends insisted she gain more weight, and made it a priority to help Catherine accomplish that goal. Pigott began to understand that â€Å"big truly is beautiful† in this part of Africa. Everyone looked favourably on a woman carrying weight on her hips and thighs. A woman is beautiful if she has a round stomach and heavy, swinging breasts. This was not Catherine’s cultural ideal. In fact, she had difficulty eating as they did; for her, to eat with such delight and abandon was unattractive. Nevertheless, with time she gained weight, and slowly began to believe in Africa’s beauty image. She believed she was becoming more beautiful; she let go of the panic, shame and guilt-ridden resolves regarding her weight and eating habits. One day she clothed herself in traditional Gambian dress and made her way to the shops. As she returned, she placed her newly purchased items on her head, and made her way back home, slowly, swinging her hips in the manner of the natives. She was transformed. Now, when she looked upon the skinny European tourists, she did not see an ideal; she saw something more skeletal than slim, lacking in shape and substance. Her ideal had changed. After only one year Catherine returned home. She was happy and comfortable with her body, but her family had nothing nice to say about her new weight. Pigott returned to a land where fat is feared and despised. Before one month had elapsed she was already back at the gym, yearning to be slimmer and more fit. She was unhappy again; she had lost her Gambian freedom. Catherine’s process of adopting the cultural traits and social patterns of Gambia was difficult, but it was genuine. By the time she left Africa, she was comfortable with her body; she had adopted an entirely new perspective. Unfortunately, she would revert to her older, less fulfilling, cultural ideals after returning home. How to cite Culture and Traditional Gambian Dress, Papers

Debut Albums and Silently Alongside Bruiser free essay sample

Growing up in the deep south I would be In my grandparents yard reintegrate new born puppies. Going to the cold Smokey Mountains I would go to The rushing falls running. On a snow-covered Christmas day my dad and I were ornithology the deserted downtown. Doing laps and laps on frightfully frosty winter nights Signing up for a new sport, scared but ready. Running. Sounds of squirrels, and creeks flowing in trails where I was silently Running Connected myself with nature and who I am deep down Inside. Unseen Shadow Worry hung over the room like a soupy fog, s silence was the only sound.A dark, undefined shadow dashed before my eyes. Carefully, I crept behind the velvet-red chair, hoping to become unseen. Thick, smoke-scented alarm began to shake my senses, Left.. . Was a dark, defined shadow of dust-like ash.. Floating low in dense fog. The not so Legally blonde Like her blonde hair, she bleaches out her past with little, yet loud lies. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Silently Alongside Bruiser or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pretty pink on the outside but, blistering black controls inside. She walks slowly, silently. .. Alongside Bruiser, her aggressive black pit-bull, looking for her next victim.Sneaking behind her ex, A sly smirk screams on her face as she does the bend-and-shoot. Now being the defendant, she is questioned by a pink mirror-like image. Opening the door, the scent of sugar filled my face with a smile. Gingerbread men danced throughout Grandmas kitchen Presents hid beneath the pine-like tree, ready to be sent. . Looking out the frosty window, a familiar ghostly figure glanced at me Now, everyone was eagerly eating those dancing gingerbread men Cross Country I can hear the beat of feet hitting the ground. I can hear roaring voices that irritate some ears.

Colgate Research Paper Essay Example

Colgate Research Paper Essay Prices rise in some products by 4 per cent Colgate Palmolive India Limited, a leader in the tooth paste segment, has increased the prices of some its product by around 4 per cent, where as other consumer goods makers such as Hindustan Unilever Limited and Procter and Gamble are cutting prices of their products. The company announced second interim dividend Colgate Palmolive India Limited has announced a second interim dividend for the FY 2008-09 of INR 6 per share on share of face value INR 1. This dividend is in addition to the first interim dividend declared in December 2008 of INR 9 per share. Reduction of Share Capital Colgate Palmolive India Limited has reduce the capital of the company by reducing the par value of shares from INR 10 to INR 1 though the number of shares will remain unchanged ~13. 60 crore. The Share capital was reduced from INR 136 crore to INR 13. 60 crore paying back INR 9 per share to each shareholder. This has enhanced the profitability ratio of the company. DIVIDEND ANALYSIS For Private Circulation Only 1 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com INDUSTRY SNAPSHOT India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. While we are moving towards becoming a services-led economy but still agriculture contributes around 17 per cent of the total GDP and employs 60 per cent of the population. Indias FMCG Industry is the fourth largest sector in the economy and creates employment for more than three million people in downstream activities. It is one of the most important sectors for each and every economy. It plays a vital role being a necessity and inelastic product which touches every life in one or the other aspect. Its principal constituents are Household Care, Personal Care and Food Beverages. We will write a custom essay sample on Colgate Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Colgate Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Colgate Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The total FMCG market is in excess of INR 85,000 Crore. It is currently growing at double digit growth rate and is expected to maintain a high growth rate. FMCG Industry is characterized by a well established distribution network, low penetration levels, low operating cost, lower per capita consumption and intense competition between the organized and unorganized segments. The Indian FMCG industry is known for the presence of global players through their subsidiaries like Hindustan Unilever Limited, Procter Gamble, Nestle, Colgate Palmolive, etc. This ensures new and enhanced product launches in the Indian market from the parents portfolio. The company leverage the benefits by known brands clubbed with easily availability of key raw materials, cheap labour gives it a competitive advantage. Oral Care contributes around 5 per cent of the total FGCG market in India. It includes toothpaste, toothpowder and toothbrush as it major constituent. Oral care segment is among the few sectors which still have lot of growth potential. It has registered a double digit growth rate over the past few years. Even the markets for advanced oral products like mouth wash, dental floss and teeth whitening products are at it nascent stage hence will result in higher growth rate. There is a huge growth potential for all the FMCG companies as the per capita consumption of almost all products in the country is amongst the lowest in the world. Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) predicted that the Indian FMCG industry sales could grow at a double digit growth rate in the near future. According to CRISIL anticipation, FMCG sector could touch around INR 140,000 Crore by 2015. 5,000 crore Indian FMCG market is one of the important sector and has registered a robust growth rate. Size of Indian Oral care industry is around INR 4,000 crore. The wholesale price index (WPI) after hitting a high of 12. 63 per cent in September quarter has fell to 0. 26 per cent for the week th ended 28 March 2009. For Private Circulation Only 2 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com COMPANY OVERVIEW ORAL CARE A REAL REASON TO SMILE Colgate Palmolive India Limited, a 51 per cent subsidiary of Colgate Palmolive U. S. , is engaged in oral care and personal care business. Colgate Palmolive India Limited has been present in Indian oral care market for more than 70 years and the company oral care brands enjoy strong brand equity in the market. The company offer wide range of proven oral care products like toothpaste, toothpowders and toothbrushes under the brand ‘Colgate’. The Company also provides a range of personal care products under the brand Palmolive. The company was incorporated in the year 1937 as a private limited company. A distribution set up was also developed on India basis with warehouse facilities in Mumbai, Chennai and Calcutta. In the year 1988, the company got a license for producing 24,000 ton per annum of fatty acids. It also registered with DGTD for production of 30,000 ton of toilet soap per annum. In 1991, the company launched new Colgate Gel Toothpaste, Palmolive Extra Care and new Palmolive soap and re-launched a high quality Colgate Plus and other toothbrushes. In 1996, the company launched Colgate fresh stripe toothpaste and Palmolive naturals soap in personal care products segments, Keratin Treatment Shampoo and Palmolive optima in Hair care segment during the year. Axion dishwashing paste was launched in Maharashtra. The product received a good response from the market. Even the company established a modern facility at Aurangabad to manufacture Dicalcium phosphate, which is a key ingredient for toothpaste. The company also launched â€Å"Colgate Double Protection†, â€Å"Colgate Total† and â€Å"Colgate Sensation†. In 2000, the company introduced two new variants in soap range. The company relaunched Colgate Gel as â€Å"Colgate Fresh Energy Gel†. Then the company launched Shaving Gel and Foam in response to growing consumer interest in skin conditioning benefits. The company has been continuously paying dividends to its shareholders along with continuous growth. Colgate has re-launched its Cibaca toothpaste as All New Cibaca Top. The company even launched toothbrush. The company launched new Zig Zag toothbrush and Colgate Navigator toothbrush. The company commands a major share in toothbrush market. The company has three manufacturing facilities. They are situated at Baddi, Aurangabad and Nepal. Most of the toothbrush requirement is outsourced by the company and toothpaste is being manufactured at the Baddi plant whereas the toothpowder at the other two plants. Colgate has been ranked as Indias Most Trusted Brand across all categories for four consecutive years in 2003 to 2007 by Brand Equity ORG-MARG AC Nielsen Survey. The company has set up a well-structured distribution network across the country. It has also set up a special cold chain for product distribution in select retail outlets. For Private Circulation Only 3 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com BUSINESS SEGMENT The company broad product segment includes Oral Care, Personal Care and Household Care. Further the Oral Care portfolio includes Toothpaste toothpowder and toothbrush. Oral Care The size of Indian Oral care industry is expected at around INR 4,000 crore, where it is segmented into toothpaste 60 per cent; toothpowder 23 per cent and toothbrushes 17 per cent. In oral care market, especially toothpastes, remains under penetrated in India with penetration level just around 50 per cent. This industry is very competitive for both organized and smaller regional players. Toothpaste/toothpowder Segment Colgate Palmolive India Limited is a market leader in toothpaste segment. It has a lion market share of more than 48 per cent whereas Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) stands at around 30 per cent. The other market players are Dabur, Ajanta and Amar Remedies who are primarily in the lower segment. The lower segment accounts for around one-fifth of the total market. Toothpaste market is dominated by two players Colgate HUL where as in toothpowders market, it is dominated by Colgate and Dabur. The company commands a key position in premium segment and has few competitors, whereas in the low end segment, there are many regional players apart from some big players. Toothbrush Segment Colgate is market leader in toothbrush market also which stands at around 37 per cent followed by HUL which stand at around 23 per cent. The toothbrush segment is valued at around INR 670 crore. This segment contributes around 15 per cent of the Company’s total revenue. The Company has brands like Colgate Zig Zag, Colgate 360 degree and Colgate Cibaca top, etc under its toothbrush portfolio. The company has captured a market share from 31 per cent to 37 per cent in just 3 years. Toothbrush segment has potential for growth and the company expects to capture more of the market share in the coming years. Penetration level of toothpastes stands around 55 per cent in India, of which around 75 per cent is in urban areas while around 40 per cert is in rural areas. Personal Care The personal care segment contributes more than 6 per cent of the company revenue. The product offered by the company includes Shower gels, Liquid hand soaps, Shaving creams and Cold creams under its personal care portfolio. Shower gel and Shaving cream of Colgate has a market share of 36 per cent and 11 per cent respectively. Household Care The household care segment contributes just around 2-3 per cent to the company revenue. The product offer by the company is Axion, used for dish washing. The product has expected to continue a sustainable growth rate of 6 8 per cent. The company broad product segment includes Oral Care Personal Care Household Care Further the Oral Care portfolio includes Toothpaste Toothpowder Toothbrush Per capita consumption of toothpaste in India is among the lowest globally. For Private Circulation Only 4 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com SWOT ANALYSIS Strength Parent support Colgate Palmolive India Limited has a strong support from its parent company, which is a world leader in oral care company, with a presence in almost every country. The company has access to the parent’s hugely successful global folio of products and brands. Market Leader in some of the Key Products Colgate Palmolive India Limited is a market leader in oral care market having existence of more than 70 years. The company commands a market share of around 50 per cent in oral care market. Backward Integration Colgate Palmolive India Limited has entered into backward integration also. The company has set up a world-class facility for manufacture of Di-calcium Phosphate, a key ingredient in toothpaste. The manufacturing facility has yield significant cost savings for the company and also acts as a cushion for the company against the price rise in raw material prices. Wide market coverage The company has one of the widest market coverage in urban as well as in rural market. For future growth, the company needs to focus more towards rural area. Weakness Concentration risk over single category The company has high reliance on a single category, Oral Care, which accounts for more than 90 per cent of the company revenue and profit. The other two categories, Personal care and household care, contribute less than 10 per cent to the company revenue. Opportunity Low Penetration Level There is low penetration level for oral care in rural market. Most the user in rural market use traditional products like neem twigs, salt or other herbal ingredients. Hence there are still lots of untapped potential in rural market. Tax Benefits The company has reported a decrease in tax portion, which is mainly due a facility in the tax free zone of Baddi. This plant enjoys excise and income-tax exemption. Threats High Competition in Low end segment Competition in Low end segment The company has few competitors in premium segment, but many regional players apart from some big players in low segment products. The competition in low segment is high. Parent support Leveraging the benefits from the parent company Market Leader in oral care market Backward Integration A world-class facility to manufacture Di-Calcium Phosphate, a key ingredient in toothpaste Wide market coverage one of the widest market coverage Concentration risk as single category contribute more than 90 per cent of the company revenue and profit Low Penetration Level for oral care in rural market Tax Benefits- Baddi plant enjoys excise and income-tax exemption. For Private Circulation Only 5 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com FINANCIALS A growth rate in revenue stands at ~13 per cent where as for profit it stands at ~58 per cent. The company has reported a high growth in margins. Annual Result The company has registered a robust growth rate over the past few years. The company has recently reported total income of INR 1473. 85 crore which was registered a growth of more than 13 per cent over the last year which stands at INR 1295. 62 crore. The company has registered a continuous and a high growth in the PBITDA and PAT margin. The Company has posted a net profit of INR 235. 76 crore for the year ended March 31, 2008 as compared to INR 148. 0 crore for the last year to register a growth of more than 58 per cent. The company margins have increase in the latest quarter, mainly on account of decrease in raw material prices clubbed with different initiative taken by the company. Quarterly Result The Company has registered a robust growth in PBITDA and PAT margin in the recent quarter. The company has registered a decline in margin in September quarter, which was mainly due increase in raw material prices, high spending on advertisement sales promotion and other expenses. The company has reported a huge growth in margins. The company has reported a decrease in tax portion as the Baddi plant is under a tax free zone. This plant enjoys excise and income-tax exemption. The company has not only reported continuous rise in profit profit margin but also rise in operating profit. For Private Circulation Only 6 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com SHARE HOLDING Holding Pattern for the last 4 Years Colgate Palmolive India Limited is a subsidiary of Colgate Palmolive U. S. which holds 51 per cent of the total stake in the company Graphical presentation of Share Holding Pattern Colgate Palmolive India Limited is a subsidiary of Colgate Palmolive U. S. , which holds 51 per cent of the total stake in the company. For Private Circulation Only 7 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com Colgate India – Leveraging the benefits Creating demand in rural areas Colgate Palmolive India Limited has increased their reach in rural areas. Rural market is still under penetrated and has lot of growth potential. The company is promoting it products through various measures such as small volume low priced sachets, distribution of free toothbrushes and other measure. Consumer becoming more health and hygiene conscious Increasing awareness for oral hygiene coupled with increasing demand from rural market and increasing toothpaste penetration, the revenue is expected to sustain a double-digit growth with the favorable demand scenario in toothpaste as well as in toothbrush segment. Vast consumer base in India Rural India accounts for ~70 per cent of the Indian population where as just accounts for ~52 per cent of the total FMCG market. This will result in a huge growth potential in the rural market. The company is leveraging India’s vast population and the increasing purchasing capacity of the Indian middle class. Colgate is tapping the large Indian consumer base to establish a strong presence in the country. The branded oral care penetration in India is less than 50 per cent. Sectoral Opportunity in other oral products The markets for advanced oral products like mouth wash, dental floss and teeth whitening products are at a nascent stage in India. These products could result into high growth in revenue. Tax benefits from Baddi Plant The company has expanded its Baddi plant, which is a tax-efficient zone. The company enjoys excise and income-tax exemption through this plant. Even the company has efficient supply-chain management which helps to company to boost its profit margin. Prices rise in some products by 4 per cent Colgate Palmolive India Limited has increased the prices of some its product by around 4 per cent, where as other consumer goods makers such as Hindustan Unilever Limited and Procter and Gamble are cutting prices of their products. Smaller packs to drive the growth Low price and smaller packs offer by the company is likely to drive high growth rate in the future. In rural market, the demands are mainly drive by small packages. For most of the products, low packs contribute around half of the total revenue. Creating demand in rural areas- through various sales promotion measures Consumer becoming more health and hygiene conscious to create more demand for the products Vast consumer base in India Sectoral Opportunity in other oral products Tax benefits from Baddi Plant Enjoys excise and income-tax exemption. Prices rise of some brands by around 4 per cent Smaller packs to drive the growth It contribute around half of the total revenue. For Private Circulation Only 8 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com KEY TAKEAWAYS FOR THE INVESTOR ROAD AHEAD Robust Growth rate Market Leader in Oral Care Tax benefits from Baddi Plant Growth opportunity in rural market India’s per capita consumption of toothpaste is 92 grams, even countries like China and Malaysia consume much at 219 grams and 285 grams respectively Margin likely to increase in the future OUTLOOK With inflation at the lowest level, raw material prices cooling off and excise duty cut has help FMCG companies to maintain its margin. Colgate Palmolive India Limited is a market leader in Oral Care segment. We are very positive on the long term business prospects of the company and financial performance. At Current Market Price of INR 456. 30 and with FY08 and FY09E EPS of INR 20. 50 and 23. 10, the stock is trading at a PE of 22. 2x and 19. 7x respectively. We reiterate â€Å"BUY† on the stock with target price of INR 570. 00 with a medium term investment horizon. Colgate is a market leader in Oral Care Products For Private Circulation Only 9 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com www. hemonline. com [emailprotected] com HEM SECURITIES LIMITED MEMBER-BSE,CDSL MUMBAI OFFICE: 14/15, KHATAU BLDG. , IST FLOOR, 40, BANK STREET, FORT, MUMBAI-400001 PHONE- 0091 22 2267 1000 FAX- 0091 22 2262 5991 JAIPUR OFFICE: 203-204, JAIPUR TOWERS, M I ROAD, JAIPUR-302001 PHONE- 0091 141 405 1000 FAX- 0091 141 510 1757 GROUP COMPANIES HEM FINLEASE PRIVATE LIMITED MEMBER-NSE HEM MULTI COMMODITIES PRIVATE LIMITED MEMBER-NCDEX, MCX HEM FINANCIAL SERVICES LIMITED SEBI REGISTERED CATEGORY I MERCHANT BANKER Disclaimer: This document is prepared on the basis of publicly available informatio n and other sources believed to be reliable. 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The Brain of an athlete essays

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Interventions Against Burnout in Mental Health Nursing

Interventions Against Burnout in Mental Health Nursing Are educational interventions effective in reducing the incidence of burnout among mental health nurses? A critical review of the literature Abstract Background There is much evidence to link burnout with mental health nursing, but limited empirical evidence that examines the impact of educational interventions on the incidence of burnout in mental health nurses. Aim The aim of this literature review was to critically evaluate the literature relating to educational interventions associated with burnout in mental health nursing using selective and comparative analysis Method The search strategy involved the use of several electronic databases, and a library search to access relevant journals. Search terms and inclusion/ exclusion criteria are identified. Evaluative criteria (Price 2003) were applied to a critical analysis of the literature. Findings There is limited empirical research in this area; some of it is predictive rather than evaluative. Conclusions Despite the paucity of information, there are some strong arguments for the use of educational interventions to reduce the incidence of burnout in mental health nurses. There are implications for further research to be carried out in this area. Background Burnout is defined as a state of emotional exhaustion, accompanied by a sense of low self- worth (Peveler et al 2000), lack of motivation and a physical as well as emotional, sense of ill- health (Malach-Pines 2005). It tends to involve an insidious process of cumulative stress (Morrisette 2002a). Burnout is most often associated with human- service (helping) professions (Ekstedt and Fagerberg 2005) and frequently, it is those who have a high level of commitment to their work, who are most at risk (van Dierendonck D et al 2005). There is much evidence within the literature that links mental health nursing with burnout ( Barling 2001; Coffey 1999; Duquette et al 1994; Edwards et al 2000; Fagin et al 1995; Happell et al 2003; Harper and Minghella 1997; Kipping 2000; Prosser et al 1999a; Onyett 1997; Wykes et al 1997). Although burnout is associated with different types of nursing (Nolan and Smojkis 2003); mental health nurses in particular, are reported to be at high risk (Nolan et al 1999; Thomsen et al 1999a). Suggested reasons for this high level of vulnerability to stress and burnout are that the profession attracts people who have a predisposition to mental health difficulties themselves (Guppy and Gutteridge 1991) and that working with people with severe mental illness is so stressful that a degree of transference can occur between the patient and health professional (particularly if the latter is inexperienced) (McLeod 1997). The stressors associated with mental health nursing are further compounded if certain factors are present, such as low self- esteem; conflicting demands of home- life, inadequate coping mechanisms (Thomsen et al 1999b) and a lack of job satisfaction, which is especially associated with hospital, rather than community nurses (Prosser et al 1999b). Many sources propose that burnout is preventable (Burnard P 1999; Figley C 2002; Jones 2003 ; Morrisette 2002b; Taormina and Law 2000). It is important therefore, to raise awareness of prevention strategies. It is possible that these could be incorporated into educational programmes and it is suggested that failure to do so can result in informally learned negative behaviours leading to maladaptive coping strategies (Thompson 2003). Aim The aim of this literature review is to critically evaluate the literature relating to educational interventions associated with burnout in mental health nursing using selective and comparative analysis. Method The search strategy involved the use of the Athens Access Management System in order to access such databases as The British Nursing Index, CINAHL, the Cochrane library, Evidence- based medicine (EBM) reviews, Embase psychiatry, internurse.com, Medline, Ovid, PsycINFO, Pubmed, ScienceDirect and TRIP database. The University library was also used in order to conduct a hand search of such relevant journals as The Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing; The International Journal of Mental Health Nursing; Mental Health Nursing; Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, Journal of Advanced Nursing; International Journal of Nursing Studies; Nurse Researcher and Nursing Research. The search terms and keywords used were: ‘burnout’ and ‘stress’ in combination with ‘mental health nursing’; ‘mental health nurses’; ‘nurses’ ‘education’; ‘nurse education’; ‘training’ (as it was found that this word was used quite a lot within the literature) and ‘prevention’. The search process highlighted the search terms that were most effective in accessing the relevant information using trial and error; otherwise referred to as a process of screening (Fink 2005a) The inclusion criteria were: papers dating back to 1990, the rationale being that a lot of work on burnout was conducted during the 1990’s; some of it in relation to mental health nursing, which is still being cited by published authors; research articles addressing the concepts of ‘stress’ and ‘burnout’ as they relate to ‘mental health nursing’; research articles linking ‘burnout’ with ‘nursing’, ‘prevention’ and ‘education’ as there is limited specific information on educational interventions to prevent burnout in mental health nursing, therefore some transferable principles were applied. For the same reason (shortage of specific information) research articles from other countries were not excluded. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included. Exclusion criteria were any papers published before 1990; any articles not written in the English language; any articles not specifically addressing stress and burnout and articles about stress and burnout that are not related to nursing. Evaluative criteria adapted from the framework developed by Price (2003) were broadly applied to a critical analysis of the literature. These criteria are: Do the papers address my question? Is the content accessible and comprehensible? Are the research results valid, reliable and authentic? Are there any gaps within the literature and Are there any competing perspectives/ contradictions within the literature? These criteria were supplemented by selective reference to sampling techniques used, strengths and weaknesses of the research designs, methods of data collection and analysis, ethical aspects and presentation issues (Fink 2005b). Findings A recurring theme that emerged from the literature in relation to burnout within the helping professions is the concept of emotional labour, and that education and training can help to make people more aware of this phenomenon and to develop strategies to manage it. Emotional labour is a form of dissonance when the practitioner feels under pressure not to display the emotions which are engendered by the nature of their work (Brotheridge and Grandey 2002). There are two levels of emotional labour; surface or deep acting (Ashkanasy et al 2006). Surface acting is when the practitioner adopts a behaviour that belies their true emotions whereas deep acting is when they struggle to feel the emotion that is expected of them. Mann and Cowburn (2005) conducted a study that aimed to increase understanding about the links between components of emotional labour and stress in mental health nursing. 35 mental health nurses completed questionnaires which yielded information relating to 122 nurse- patient interactions. Three different published research instruments were integrated into the questionnaire; the Emotional Labour Scale, the Emotional Labour Inventory (both of which related more directly to nurse- patient interactions) and the Daily Stress inventory which addressed more general areas of stress. The use of tried- and- tested research instruments helps to ensure validity and reliability of the findings. Published research tools have often been refined several times, with the need to have excellent reliability and validity (Giles 2002). The data was analysed by using Pearsons correlations and multiple regression techniques. The researchers concluded that emotional labour is positively correlated with both the stress that arises from interactions with patients, as well as other sources of stress; that the impact of emotional labour is dependent upon the intensity of the interaction and the range of emotions experienced throughout the interaction, and that surface acting is a more important predictor of emotional labour than deep acting. Only one psychiatric unit was involved in the study with a relatively low response rate of 29%; low response rates can introduce bias and uncertainty into a study (Smeeth 2002). What constitutes a satisfactory response rate varies according to the nature of the research, however a 60% response rate might be considered to be ‘good’, and a 50% response rate to be adequate (Sim and Wright 2000); although many researchers accept that any response rate over 40% can yield meaningful results. The authors acknowledge that generalisability of the results is limited. Interestingly it was the non- cooperation of the unit in general that adversely af fected the response rate because of a lack of flexibility regarding access to respondents which influenced the methodology, in that it was not possible to obtain qualitative data relating to the lived experiences of mental health nurses in relation to emotional labour which might have been more meaningful, and an unwillingness to allow the researchers to follow- up non- responders. There is an implication here for nurses to become more research aware and for healthcare organisations to promote and support research- mindedness. The discussion and conclusion are interesting and relevant to the link between education and burnout in relation to mental health nursing. While acknowledging the limitations of the study, the authors do however stress that the findings have important implications for nurse education in that skills training for performing emotional work should be given a higher priority; that an increased focus be placed on facilitating self- awareness skills to enable mental health nurses to become more introspective about their feelings, so that they can develop effective techniques for dealing with them. However this study does not have the scope to be able to empirically demonstrate that educational interventions are effective in preventing burnout. The value of developing new educational strategies in relation to addressing emotional labour (in addition to other issues) for student mental health nurses was more clearly demonstrated by Turner et al (2004). The purpose of the study was to evaluate a pilot client attachment scheme for student mental health nurses. The rationale for client attachment is that it enables students to form therapeutic relationships with individual clients. This type of educational experience differs from the more traditional route of progressing through different placements. The methodology involved the use of semi- structured interviews to gain the perspectives of students (12), their supervisors (22) and clients (2). Although this is a small sample, the design was qualitative and a depth of meaningful information was obtainable, particularly from the students and the supervisors. The data was organised using thematic analysis, although this was not possible with the client data as there were only two clients and although they gave very positive feedback, the amount of information was very limited. Service user involvement in mental health research is a relatively new and developing concept (Telford and Faulkner 2004). This study is relevant to the discussion because it highlighted that different educational approaches can more effectively promote reflective skills among mental health nurses, which in turn can provide a tool for dealing with emotional labour. The researcher’s literature review revealed that many mental health student nurses report sources of stress as including not feeling part of a team, and dealing with distressing incidents involving clients. These factors lead to emotional containment, causing reduced motivation and increased stress. The client attachment scheme goes some way to addressing these issues by providing more continuity and increased supervision for mental health student nurses. Although the scope and generalisability of this study is limit ed, it flags up important indicators for changes to be made to the student nurse curriculum that will provide students with the skills to recognise and deal with, emotional labour, which should impact upon more effective stress management and prevention of burnout. Another study which concludes that changes should be made to the mental health student nurse curriculum in relation to stress management was conducted by Kilfedder et al (2001). They contend that previous studies on burnout in nursing contain several methodological inadequacies, and so set out to design a more theoretical study. The study sample was drawn from nurses employed in a Scottish National Health Service (NHS) Trust which provided both acute and continuing care mental health services in both hospital and community settings. 510 nurses returned questionnaires (a response rate of 48.8%). A total of 12 published measures were used, together with one purpose- designed measure which related to non- occupational stressors. The others related to such aspects as social support, occupational stress, burnout and coping strategies. As previously highlighted, the use of published measures can enhance reliability and validity. A range of statistical tests were used to analyse the data. H igh levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and burnout were reported and low levels of personal accomplishment. The researchers concluded that not only should a core part of the nursing curriculum be devoted to stress management and coping skills, but also that management training should incorporate leadership skills that facilitate stress management and that all nurses should be provided with training that equips them to develop coping mechanisms. Education is very much seen by the researchers as an essential part of a comprehensive approach to prevention, which should be emphasised more than the current tendency towards ‘picking up the pieces’ after the event. This study is quite complex which tends to affect its accessibility, however its findings have important implications for stress management in mental health nurses. Sharkey and Sharples (2003) evaluated a learning pack on risk management, developed for use with clinical mental health teams with emphasis on the impact the pack had on team members’ stress. The learning pack was made up of six sections, each one corresponding with a facilitator- led workshop. Participants were expected to carry out some reading and learning activities between workshops. Interestingly the authors identify two aspects of risk management that are potential stressors; the potential risks of the job such as dealing with violence and having to get to grips with the concept of risk management as a relatively new concept, and the systems involved. The researchers adopted a quasi- experimental approach, using pre and post measures, taken eight weeks before and after the learning intervention, in order to be able to measure any change in relation to work- related stress among the participants, as a result of following the educational programme. The researchers highlig hted difficulties with not being able to conduct a controlled experiment which might have affected the outcome, as it was not possible to be certain that any change was attributable to the educational intervention, as opposed to other factors. Sampling was self- selective which might also have affected the findings, as having volunteered; the participants indicated a level of motivation which could have impacted on the effectiveness of the learning programme. The sample (42) was drawn from two mental health locality teams, which included mental health nurses. The pre and post measures used were the Occupational Stress Indicator and the Healthcare- related Work Pressure Scale. Again, these are tried and tested published instruments, the use of which should contribute to the validity and reliability of the findings. These yield quantitative data which was analysed using descriptive statistics, the paired t -test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Once again, it might have been of valu e to combine qualitative with quantitative measures, in order to gain an understanding of the participants’ experience of stress; qualitative methods allow researchers to overcome the assumptions inherent in fixed- choice questionnaires, although these also have their value for example, in relation to information about prevalence (Cummings and Galambos 2004). All 42 participants completed the pre measures( although only 32 started the programme and 27 completed it) together with the post measures. It would have been interesting to identify why almost half of the original sample did not complete the programme; whether workload and/ or stress issues contributed to this level of attrition. However it was suggested that quite intensive time commitment was required to complete the programme which might have been an inhibitory factor and there could be implications for redesigning the programme so that it can be accessed more flexibly by participants. Responses were not broken down into professional groups- this also might have yielded some important differences. In relation to the Occupational Stress Indicator, comparing pre and post scores indicated that there was a general decrease in many sources of stress. Interestingly lower means at post measures were observed for the ‘job satisfaction’ subscale which indicated reduced satisfaction. The researchers suggest that this could be due to increased knowledge and expectations as a result of the learning intervention; whether this development could be a source of stress in itself is not speculated upon even though different studies have reported a relationship between stress and reduced job satisfaction (Koslowsky 1998). Scores for the Healthcare- related work pressure scale all show a lowering of item means at post measure. Overall the researchers concluded that the learning intervention brought about positive changes in relation to the work- related stress of the participants; in some cases the i mpact was significant. It is suggested that the ways in which educational interventions can bring about change is by enabling participants to gain knowledge and skills within the ‘safe’ environment of the classroom. A positive outcome of this study is that the learning pack has been modified, following feedback from the pre and post measures together with evaluations from the participants, and is now in use. Ewers et al (2002) evaluated the effect of Psychosocial Intervention Training (PSI), using a controlled experiment, in reducing burnout rates in mental health nurses working in secure units, having identified that this group is particularly at risk of developing clinical burnout syndrome. The hypothesis was that if nurses gained a better understanding of clients’ illnesses and develop more skills to be able to help clients, then they would experience lower levels of burnout within their clinical roles. A self- selecting sample of 20 volunteered to do the PSI course, but these met pre- set inclusion criteria and represented all grades of staff and all wards. 10 subjects were allocated to the experimental PSI group and 10 to the waiting list control group. Baseline measures of knowledge were taken, using a 30- item multiple choice questionnaire which had been used in previous studies; of attitudes, using a measure developed by one of the researchers and of burnout, using the Mas lach Burnout Inventory. It was not clarified whether the attitude measure had been tested for reliability and validity, whereas the other two measures are tried and tested. The experimental group received 20 days of PSI training. On completion of the course all subjects were asked to complete the measure of knowledge, attitudes and burnout. The facilitator had previously received advanced training in PSIs. The course includes both practical and theoretical assessment components and a minimum attendance of 80% was required. The data was analysed using Fisher Exact tests and t tests. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the knowledge scores for each group, with an increase in the knowledge of the experimental group. The same applied to the measurement of attitudes, which it is assumed (although not made clear by the authors) refers to an increase in positive attitudes for the experimental group. Again, the same applied to the burnout measure; this time the res ults are expressed more clearly in that the experimental group had moved in a positive direction along the subscales measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The limitations of this study are that the results might not be generalisable to other units; as only one unit was involved in the study wherein specific factors might exist that contribute to the development of burnout. As with the previous study, the self- selecting nature of the participants might indicate that they were more highly motivated and more responsive to change. However, while acknowledging the methodological weaknesses, the researchers conclude that the significantly positive changes in knowledge, attitudes and burnout measures of participants within the experimental group are indicative of the value of educational interventions in reducing the incidence of burnout among mental health nurses working within secure units. Ho (2007) describes a study which explored the value and meaning of a psychodynamic work discussion for mental health nurses, which is described as a method of working, learning and development in professional practice. A work discussion group can enable psychological and emotional containment for mental health nurses which can impact upon the prevention of burnout. While the work discussion group is a means of learning in itself, education about the psychodynamic processes involved is also necessary in order to unlock the potential of the group. A qualitative design was used in order to be able to explore the feelings, experiences and perceptions of the participants, which seems highly appropriate within a study of this kind. Data was collected from a focus group of 6 mental health nurses ranging from staff nurse to ward manager level. This is quite a small sample, however this is often more acceptable within qualitative research as depth rather than breadth of information is being sought. It is generally considered that the ideal composition of a focus group is between 6-12 people, however when the nature of the subject could be emotionally charged or sensitive, it is preferable to limit the size of the group to 5 or 6 (Polit and Beck 2004). The data was analysed using Bulmer’s framework, a technique derived from grounded theory in order to define meaning through focus groups. This article is quite complex but comprehension has been facilitated by the presentation, in tables and boxes, of the categories and themes within which the discussion was structured. The purpose of the focus group (which was not immediately made clear) was not to act as a work discussion group but to explore the potential for its value with mental health nurses, and the group appeared to be generally responsive to the concept. The author concludes that mental health nurses could benefit from this approach, but would need encouragement and education and that the use of the work d iscussion group could be integrated into nurse education. The researcher acknowledges that the potential use of this approach needs to be explored further, with larger samples from a wider area. Lee (2005) evaluated the effectiveness of a stress management training intervention for care assistants working in a residential home for the elderly; many of whom had dementia, having cited research which links caring for people with dementia with work- related stress. The study took place within one residential home. The training consisted of a three- day programme that aimed to create and maintain an effective work environment by managing stress and stressful situations. The researcher provides an outline of the course content but does not state how many participants there were or how she measured the effectiveness of the programme, despite including sections headed ‘methods’ and ‘findings’. She reports that the stress management training reduced the care assistants’ levels of stress and improved their ability to cope with potentially stressful situations. She also concluded that the age or experience of the care assistants did not have an impact o n their stress levels or coping ability, which did not concur with the findings of a different study. This is a poorly written research article; the lack of detail reduces its value. However given the paucity of research related to educational interventions for mental health workers, it still adds to the existing body of knowledge. An interesting development is that the researcher subsequently contacted 21 residential homes and found that only 3 provided training interventions related to stress management. Conclusions An extensive review of the literature has revealed that there are gaps in the literature relating to educational interventions to reduce the incidence of burnout in mental health nurses; this finding is supported in a review by Edwards and Burnard (2003), who concluded that while there is evidence that stress is a problem for mental health nurses, research on interventions to address this, is insufficient. Many articles on this subject are literature reviews, drawing on broad- based research in related areas, with a definite lack of empirical studies, and these reviews have not been included here. It has been necessary to include studies which predict that educational interventions will reduce the incidence of burnout in mental health nurses as well as those which evaluate existing interventions (which are very few). There are implications for further research into this important area. However there are some interesting and valuable conclusions that can be drawn from the existing lit erature. A synthesis of this review of the literature yields the following outcomes: There is a link between emotional labour and burnout, and adopting strategies (including educational) to enable mental health nurses to recognise and deal with emotional labour (including self- awareness and reflective skills) should impact upon the prevention of burnout. Educational interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of burnout should take place both within pre registration programmes and as part of continuing professional development (CPD). Educational interventions are an important part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the incidence of burnout among mental health nurses. As well as focussing on stress management, educational interventions can also be used to enhance knowledge and skills (relating to for example, risk management and helping skills) which in turn, positively impact upon stress levels and coping skills. A range of educational approaches should be explored in relation to stress management, allowing for innovation and flexibility, to facilitate access for mental health nurses, who may feel inhibited by such factors as shift patterns, workload or lack of resources References Ashkanasy N, Zerbe W and Hartel E. Emotions in the Work Place: Research, Theory, and Practice. Quorum/ Greenwood. 2000. p. 16 Barling J. Drowning not waving: burnout and mental health nursing. Contemporary Nurse. 11(2-3) 2001 pp. 247-59. Brotheridge C and Grandey Emotional Labour and Burnout: comparing two perspectives of ‘people work’. Journal of Vocational Behaviour. 60 pp. 17-39. Burnard P Practical counselling and helping. Routledge. 1999. p. 115 Coffey M . Stress and burnout in forensic community mental health nurses: an investigation of its causes and effects. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 6(6) 1999. p. 433 Cummings S and Galambos C. Diversity and Aging in the Social Environment. Haworth press. 2004. p. 157. Duquette A, Kerouac S, Sandhu BK, Beaudet L. Factors related to nursing burnout: a review of empirical knowledge. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 15(4) 1994 pp.337-58. Ewers P, Bradshaw T, McGovern J and Ewers B. Does training in psychosocial interventions reduce burnout rates in forensic nurses? Journal of Advanced Nursing 2002 37(5) pp. 470-476. Malach-Pines A. The Burnout Measure, Short Version. International Journal of Stress Management. Volume 12(1) 2005. pp. 78-88 Mann S and Cowburn J. Emotional labour and stress within mental health nursing. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. 12(2) 2000 pp.154-162, Nolan P, Dallender J, Soares J, Thomsen S and Arnetz B. Violence in mental health care: the experiences of mental health nurses and psychiatrists. Journal of Advanced Nursing 30(4) 1999. p. 934 Nolan P and Smojkis M. The mental health of Nurses in the UK. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 9. 2003. pp. 374-379. Prosser D, Johnson S, Kuipers E, Dunn G, Szmukler G, Reid Y, Bebbington P and Thornicroft G Mental health, burnout and job satisfaction in a longitudinal study of mental health staff. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 34 (6). 1999. pp. 295-300. Sharkey S and Sharples A. The impact on work-related stress of mental health teams following team-based learning on clinical risk management. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. 2003 10(1) pp. 73-81 Sim J and Wright C. Research in Health Care: Concepts, Designs and Methods. Nelson Thornes 2000. p. 359. Smeeth L. Improving the response rates to questionnaires. BMJ 324 2002 pp. 1168-1169 Taormina R and Law C. Approaches to preventing burnout: the effects of personal stress management and organizational socialization. Journal of Nursing Management 8(2) 2000, pp. 89-99 Telford R and Faulkner A. Learning about service user involvement in mental health research. Journal of Mental Health. 13(6) pp. 549- 559. Thompson T. Handbook of health communication. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2003. p. 356. Thomsen S, Soares, J, Nolan P, Dallender J and Arnetz B. Feelings of Professional Fulfilment and Exhaustion in Mental Health Personnel: The Importance of Organisational and Individual Factors. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 68 1999 pp.157-164 Turner L, Callaghan P, Eales S and Park A. Evaluating the introduction of a pilot clien